Hui Hana

I loko o ke kinikini, ʻo ia hoʻi i loko o ka kemika organik, ʻo kahi hui hana he pūʻulu kikoʻī o nā mana i loko o kahi mole ke kuleana no ke ʻano hoʻololi kemika o ka mole. E noʻonoʻo ʻoe ʻo ia ka "paena hana" a i ʻole "ʻāpana wehewehe ʻano" o kahi mole mole. No ke ʻano o ka nui a i ʻole ke ʻano o ke koena o ka mole, hana ka pūʻulu hana i kahi ala ʻike ʻia i nā hopena kemika.

No ke aha he mea nui nā hui hana?

Hoʻoholo nā pūʻulu hana i nā waiwai a me ka reactivity o nā pūhui organik. Hoʻohana ka poʻe kemika iā lākou no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā molekala organik a wānana i ka hopena o lākou. No ka laʻana, loaʻa nā pūʻulu hana like ʻole i nā ʻawaʻawa, nā waikawa, nā esters, a me nā ketones, a ʻokoʻa ka hana ʻana o kēlā me kēia i nā hopena kemika.

Ma ka ʻike ʻana i nā pūʻulu hana i loko o kahi mole, hiki iā ʻoe ke:

● E wānana i ke ʻano o kāna hana ʻana i nā hoʻololi kemika.
● E hoʻomaopopo i kona hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (inā e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a ʻaʻole paha).
● E hoʻoholo inā he ʻakika a kumu paha.
● E wānana i kona wahi e hoʻolapalapa ai a heheʻe paha.

Nā Laʻana o nā Pūʻulu Hana maʻamau

E noʻonoʻo kākou i kekahi o nā pūʻulu hana maʻamau i ka kemika organik:

1. Pūʻulu Hydroxyl (-OH)

● Loaʻa i ka waiʻona.
● Hana i nā molekala i polar a hiki ke hana i nā paʻa hydrogen.
● Laʻana: Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH)

2. Pūʻulu Carbonyl (C=O)

● Loaʻa i loko o nā ketones a me nā aldehydes.
● He kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻātoma oxygen.
● Laʻana:
Ketone: Acetone (CH₃COCH₃)
Aldehyde: Formaldehyde (HCHO)

3. Pūʻulu Carboxyl (-COOH)

● Loaʻa i loko o nā waikawa carboxylic.
● Hana i ka ʻakika mole.
● Laʻana: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), ka waikawa nui i loko o ka vīneka.

4. Pūʻulu Amino (-NH₂)

● Loaʻa i loko o nā amine a me nā waikawa amino.
● Hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he kumu a ʻae i nā protons.
● Laʻana: Glycine, he amino acid.

5. Hui Ester (-COO-)

● Loaʻa i nā esters.
● Hāʻawi pinepine i nā hua i ko lākou ʻala ʻono.
● Hana ʻia mai ka waika a me ka waiʻona.
● Laʻana: Ethyl acetate (hoʻohana ʻia i ka wehe ʻana i ka nail polish).

6. Hui Etera (ROR)

● Oxygen atom i hoʻohui ʻia i ʻelua hui kalapona.
● He mea maʻamau i loko o nā solvents.
● Laʻana: Diethyl ether.

7. Hui Halide (CX)

● Aia ʻo X = kahi halogen e like me F, Cl, Br, a i ʻole I.
● Loaʻa i loko o nā alkyl halides.
● Hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a me nā mea pale ahi.

8. Pūʻulu Sulfhydryl (-SH)

● Loaʻa i nā thiols.
● Ua like me ka hydroxyl akā me ka sulfur.
● He mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻolālā protein (nā paʻa disulfide).

Nā pūʻulu hana a me ka hana hou

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pūʻulu hana kikoʻī i loko o kahi mole e hoʻoholo nui i ka hopena o kēlā mole. ʻo kahi laʻana:

● Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka waiʻona (-OH) e hana i nā alkenes.
● Hiki i nā ʻakika Carboxylic (-COOH) ke hana me nā waiʻona e hana i nā esters.
● Hiki i nā Amine (-NH₂) ke hana ma ke ʻano he kumu a ʻae i nā ion hydrogen.

He mea maikaʻi loa kēia ʻano hana i ka kemika synthetic, ka hoʻolālā lāʻau, a me ka ʻepekema waiwai.

Nā Pūʻulu Hana i loko o nā Molekula Ola

He kī nui nō hoʻi nā hui hana i ke ola. I ka biochemistry, hilinaʻi nui ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā protein, DNA, carbohydrates, a me nā momona i nā pūʻulu hana i loko o lākou.

● Loaʻa nā pūʻulu amino (-NH₂) a me ka carboxyl (-COOH) i nā protein.
● Loaʻa pinepine nā hui kalapona hydroxyl (-OH) a me carbonyl (C=O).
● Aia i loko o DNA a me RNA nā pūʻulu phosphate (-PO₄) a me nā kumu i loaʻa ka nitrogen.

Hāʻawi kēia mau pūʻulu i nā molekala olaola e launa pū, hana i nā paʻa hydrogen, hoʻololi i ka ikehu, a me nā mea hou aku.

Pehea e hoʻohana ai ka poʻe kemika i nā hui hana

Hoʻohana pinepine ka poʻe kemika i ka notation pūʻulu hana i ke kaha ʻana a i ʻole ka inoa ʻana i nā molekala. I loko o nā hopena kemika, hiki iā lākou ke kuhikuhi i nā hopena a ka hui i komo. ʻo kahi laʻana:

● ʻO ka "ʻokiʻona waiʻona" e pili ana i nā hopena e pili ana i nā hui -OH.
● Hoʻokomo pinepine ka "nucleophilic substitution" i nā hui hana halide.

Hoʻohana pū lākou i ka loiloi pūʻulu hana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā pūhui ʻike ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano e like me ka infrared (IR) spectroscopy a me ka nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), no ka mea e hoʻopili kēlā me kēia hui i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa.

Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

ʻO ka pūʻulu hana he pūʻulu kikoʻī o nā mana i loko o kahi mole e hāʻawi i ka mole i kona mau waiwai a me kāna hana. ʻO lākou ke kumu o ka kemika organik, e hāʻawi ana i ke ala e hoʻokaʻawale a wānana i ke ʻano o nā molekala paʻakikī. Mai ka waiʻona maʻalahi a hiki i ka DNA paʻakikī, kōkua nā hui hana i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano, ka hana, a me ka hana ʻana o nā pūhui kemika. He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iā lākou i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka chemistry, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wahi e like me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, biology, a me nā kemika ʻoihana.