ʻIkepili o ka Mākeke Resin Polymer Honua

Ua waiwai ʻia ka nui o ka mākeke Polymer Resin ma USD 157.6 Billion i ka makahiki 2023. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana Polymer Resin mai USD 163.6 Billion i ka makahiki 2024 a i USD 278.7 Billion ma ka makahiki 2032, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka ulu makahiki (CAGR) o 6.9% i ka wā wānana (2024 - 2032). ʻO ka mea like o ka ʻoihana o nā resins mea kanu kūlohelohe he resin polymer e like me nā resins mea kanu, hoʻomaka pū ka resin polymer ma ke ʻano he wai viscous, sticky e paʻakikī mau ana ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana i ka lewa no kahi manawa i hoʻoholo mua ʻia. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻomoʻa ʻia nā polymers thermosetting a me nā hui organik ʻē aʻe e hana iā lākou. Hoʻohana ʻia nā wahie hydrocarbon e like me ke kinoea kūlohelohe, ka ʻaila maka, ka lanahu, ka paʻakai, a me ke one ma ke ʻano he mau poloka kūkulu kumu no ka resin polymer. ʻO nā mea hana mea maka e hoʻololi i nā mea waena i polymers a me nā resins a me nā mea hana e hoʻololi i kēia mau mea i nā waiwai i hoʻopau ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana nui ʻelua o ka ʻoihana resin polymer. Hoʻohana nā mea hoʻolako o nā mea maka i kahi resin intermediate a i ʻole monomer me kekahi o nā kaʻina hana polymerization e hana i nā polymers maka. ʻO ka maʻamau, hana ʻia nā mea polymer maka a kūʻai ʻia aku i ke ʻano wai no nā mea hoʻopili, nā mea hoʻopaʻa, a me nā resins, ʻoiai hiki ke kūʻai ʻia i nā nui he nui e like me nā pellets, nā pauka, nā granules, a i ʻole nā ​​​​pepa. ʻO kahi kumu nui o nā precursors polymer ka aila, a i ʻole ka petroleum maka. Hoʻohana pinepine nā mea hana i nā ʻano hana haki e hoʻololi i nā hydrocarbons petroleum i nā alkenes polymerizable e like me ethylene, propylene, a me butylene.

Nā ʻano mākeke Polymer Resin

Loaʻa i nā Resins Polymer Bio-Based ka Traction ma ke ʻano he mau hoʻonā hoʻopili hoʻomau

Ua kū mai nā resins polymer bio-based ma ke ʻano he hopena koʻikoʻi e hoʻoponopono ai i nā hopohopo e piʻi nei e pili ana i ke kūpaʻa o ke kaiapuni a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ka ʻōpala plastik kuʻuna. Me ka ʻike nui ʻana i ka haumia plastik a me kona hopena maikaʻi ʻole i nā ʻōnaehana ola, ke apo nei nā mea kūʻai aku, nā ʻoihana, a me nā aupuni i nā resins polymer bio-based ma ke ʻano he koho hoʻomau no nā noi ʻōpala. Hoʻokele ʻia kēia ʻano e kekahi mau kumu nui e hōʻike ana i nā pono a me ka hiki o nā resins polymer bio-based i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻōpala i kahi wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā plastics petroleum-based maʻamau i koho mua ʻia no ka ʻōpala ma muli o ko lākou kumukūʻai kūpono, versatility, a me ke kūpaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ko lākou non-biodegradability a me ke kūpaʻa i ke kaiapuni ua alakaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili nui ʻana o nā ʻōpala plastik, e hoʻoweliweli nui ana i ke ola kai, nā holoholona hihiu, a me ke olakino kanaka. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua loaʻa nā resins polymer bio-based mai nā kumu hou e like me nā mea kanu, algae, a i ʻole biomass ʻōpala, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ala e hōʻemi ai i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i nā wahie fossil a hoʻemi i ka kapuaʻi kalapona e pili ana i ka hana plastik.

ʻO kekahi o nā pono koʻikoʻi o nā resins polymer bio-based ʻo ia ko lākou biodegradability a me ka composability. Hiki i nā plastics kuʻuna ke hala i nā haneli mau makahiki e palaho ai, ʻoiai hiki i nā mea ʻē aʻe bio-based ke wāwahi maoli i nā ʻāpana ʻawaʻawa ʻole i loko o kahi manawa pōkole. Hōʻoia kēia ʻano i ka bio-basednā mea hoʻopiliʻaʻole e noho mau i ke kaiapuni, e hōʻemi ana i ka pilikia o ka haumia a me ka hōʻino i nā kaiaolaola. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā resins polymer bio-based compostable ke hoʻonui i ka lepo i ko lākou palaho ʻana, e kōkua ana i kahi ala pōʻai a me ka regenerative i ka hoʻokele ʻōpala. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hana ʻana o nā resins polymer bio-based ma ke ʻano maʻamau e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ko lākou mau hoa petroleum-based. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo nā ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana e ʻimi nei e hōʻemi i ko lākou kapuaʻi kalapona e huli nei i nā koho bio-based ma ke ʻano he koho kūpono e hoʻokō ai i kā lākou mau pahuhopu hoʻomau. Eia kekahi, hiki i kekahi mau polymers bio-based ke hoʻopaʻa i ke kalapona i ko lākou wā ulu, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau mea carbon-negative a kōkua i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka loli o ke aniau.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ka holomua ʻenehana a me ka hana hou i ka hana a me ka hana o nā resins polymer bio-based. Hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻopili i nā waiwai o kēia mau mea e kūpono i nā pono hoʻopili like ʻole, e like me ka maʻalahi, nā waiwai pale, a me ka ikaika. ʻO ka hopena, ke loaʻa nei nā resins polymer bio-based i nā noi ma nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole, me ka meaʻai a me ka mea inu, nā mea hoʻonani, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea hou aku. Ua hoʻokani pū nā lula a me nā kulekele aupuni i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā resins polymer bio-based. Ua hoʻokō nā ʻāina a me nā ʻāina he nui i nā hana e kaupalena a pāpā paha i nā huahana plastik hoʻokahi hoʻohana, e paipai ana i nā ʻoihana e ʻimi i nā koho ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā aupuni ke hāʻawi i nā mea hoʻoikaika a i ʻole nā ​​​​kākoʻo e hoʻolaha i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea bio-based, e hoʻoulu hou ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka mākeke.

ʻAʻole naʻe i nele ka neʻe ʻana i nā resins polymer bio-based. ʻOiai ka holomua i hana ʻia ma ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hiki i nā mea bio-based ke kū i nā palena ma ke ʻano o ke kumukūʻai a me ka scalability. Pono paha nā kaʻina hana no kekahi mau resins bio-based i nā kumuwaiwai koʻikoʻi, kahi e hoʻopilikia ai i ko lākou kumukūʻai kūpono i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā plastics kuʻuna. Eia nō naʻe, i ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻenehana a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke koi, ʻo ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka unahi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumukūʻai a hoʻolilo i nā resins polymer bio-based i mea hoʻokūkū.

ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā resins polymer bio-based ma ke ʻano he mau hopena hoʻopili hoʻomau e hōʻailona ana i kahi ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka haumia plastik a me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kaiāulu ʻoi aku ka noʻonoʻo i ke kaiapuni. Me ko lākou biodegradability, ka haʻahaʻa o ke kapuaʻi kalapona, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā hiki ke hana, hāʻawi kēia mau mea i kahi koho hoihoi i nā plastics petroleum kuʻuna. I ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā ʻoihana, nā mea kūʻai aku, a me nā aupuni i ka hoʻomau ʻana, ua mākaukau ka mākeke resin polymer bio-based no ka ulu hou ʻana, e hoʻoulu ana i kahi hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai kahi e hoʻemi ʻia ai ka ʻōpala hoʻopili, a hoʻohana pono ʻia nā kumuwaiwai. Ma ka ʻapo ʻana i nā mea bio-based, hiki i ka ʻoihana hoʻopili ke hana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka honua no nā hanauna e hiki mai ana.

Nā ʻIkepili Māhele Mākeke Polymer Resin

Mākeke Resin Polymer e nā ʻIke ʻAno Resin

Ma muli o ke ʻano resin, ua hoʻokomo ka mākeke Polymer Resin i ka polystyrene, polyethylene,polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka huahana kaulana loa o ka mākeke resin polymer ʻo ia ka polyethylene. Makemake nui ʻia ia ma waena o kekahi mau ʻoihana mahalo i kona hiki ke hoʻololi, paʻakikī, a me ke kumukūʻai kūpono. Hoʻohana ka nui o nā huahana, e like me nā lako hoʻopili, nā ʻeke plastik, nā ipu, nā paipu, nā mea pāʻani, a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa, i ka polyethylene. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kona hoʻohana ākea e kona kūpaʻa kemika kiʻekiʻe, ka haʻahaʻa o ka omo ʻana o ka makū, a me ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana i kona hiki ke hoʻololi a me ka hoʻopiʻi kalepa ʻo ia kona mau ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka polyethylene kiʻekiʻe-density (HDPE) a me ka polyethylene haʻahaʻa-density (LDPE), e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻano kūikawā no nā noi.

Mākeke Resin Polymer e nā ʻIke Noi

ʻO ka māhele ʻana o ka mākeke Polymer Resin, ma muli o ke noi, e komo pū ana me nā mea uila a me nā mea uila, ke kūkulu ʻana, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ke kaʻa, ka mea kūʻai aku, ka ʻoihana, ka hoʻopili ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana ka noi i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e pili ana i ka mākeke resin polymer. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā resins Polymer, me ka polyethylene, polypropylene, a me ka polystyrene, i nā mea hoʻopili. He kūpono lākou no nā noi hoʻopili like ʻole ma muli o ko lākou ʻano maikaʻi loa, me ka paʻakikī, ka maʻalahi, a me ke kūpaʻa i ka makū. ʻO nā resins Polymer ka mea i koho ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻoihana like ʻole, me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka mea inu, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā waiwai mea kūʻai aku, a me nā waiwai ʻoihana. ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke uhi pono a mālama i nā mea, he kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano a me nā hoʻolālā like ʻole.

Nā ʻIke Kūloko o ka Mākeke Polymer Resin

Ma ka ʻāpana, hāʻawi ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻike mākeke i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa, ʻAsia-Pākīpika, a me ke koena o ka honua. Ma muli o kekahi mau kumu, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui nui ʻana a me ka noho aliʻi ʻana o ka mākeke ma ka ʻāpana ʻo ʻAsia Pākīpika. He home ia no nā kikowaena ʻoihana koʻikoʻi e like me Kina, India, Iapana, a me Kōlea Hema, kahi i koi nui ʻia ai nā mea i hana ʻia mai ka resin polymer ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻāina nui i aʻo ʻia ma ka mākeke ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Kanada, Kelemānia, Palani, UK, Italia, Sepania, Kina, Iapana, India, Australia, Kōlea Hema, a me Brazil.

Mākeke Polymer Resin Nā Mea Pāʻani Mākeke Koʻikoʻi a me nā ʻIke Hoʻokūkū

He nui nā mea kūʻai aku kūloko a me nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka resin polymer, he hoʻokūkū kiʻekiʻe ka mākeke, me nā mea pāʻani āpau e hoʻokūkū nei e loaʻa ka māhele mākeke nui loa. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke koi resin polymer i nā ʻāpana ʻōpala a me ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea e hoʻonui nei i ke kūʻai aku ʻana o ka resin polymer. Hoʻokūkū nā mea kūʻai aku ma muli o ke kumukūʻai, ka maikaʻi o ka huahana, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā huahana e like me nā ʻāina. Pono nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻolako i ka resin Polymer kūpono a kiʻekiʻe hoʻi e hoʻokūkū ma ka mākeke.

ʻO ka ulu ʻana o nā mea pāʻani mākeke e pili ana i nā kūlana mākeke a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, nā lula aupuni, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻoihana. No laila, pono nā mea pāʻani e kālele i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ko lākou hiki ke hana e hoʻokō i ke koi a hoʻonui i kā lākou waihona huahana. ʻO Borealis AG, BASF SE, Evonik Industries AG, LyondellBasell Industries NV, Shell Plc, Solvay, Roto Polymers, Dow Chemical Company, Nan Ya Plastics Corp, Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Corporation, Celanese Corporation, INEOS Group, a me Exxon Mobil Corporation nā hui nui ma ka mākeke i kēia manawa e hoʻokūkū nei ma ke ʻano o ka maikaʻi, ke kumukūʻai, a me ka loaʻa. Ke kālele nui nei kēia mau mea pāʻani i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka resin polymer. ʻOiai ʻo nā mea pāʻani honua e noho aliʻi ana ma ka mākeke, ʻo nā mea pāʻani ʻāpana a me nā kūloko me nā ʻāpana mākeke liʻiliʻi he alo kaulike nō hoʻi. ʻO nā mea pāʻani honua me kahi alo honua, me nā ʻāpana hana i hoʻokumu ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​keʻena kūʻai aku, ua hoʻoikaika i ko lākou alo ma nā wahi nui e like me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻEulopa, ʻAsia-Pākīpika, ʻAmelika Latina, a me ka Hikina Waena & ʻApelika.

ʻO Borealis AG: he alakaʻi i ka hana hou ʻana o ka polyolefin ma ʻEulopa a ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hoʻolako kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua o nā hopena polyolefin ʻoi loa a aloha i ke kaiapuni. Ke hoʻomalu nei ka ʻoihana i nā mākeke kemika a me nā mea hoʻouluulu ma ʻEulopa. Ua hana ka ʻoihana i kahi inoa nona iho ma ke ʻano he hoa ʻoihana hilinaʻi a me kahi hōʻailona honua i ʻike ʻia e hoʻohui mau ana i ka waiwai no kāna mau hoa, nā mea kūʻai aku, a me nā mea kūʻai aku. He hui hui ka ʻoihana ma waena o OMV, kahi ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea honua me ke keʻena nui ma Austria, nona ka 75% o nā ʻāpana, a me Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation (ADNOC), me ke keʻena nui ma United Arab Emirates (UAE), nona ke koena 25%. Ma o Borealis a me ʻelua mau hui hui koʻikoʻi, ʻo Borouge (me ADNOC, aia ma UAE) a me BaystarTM (me TotalEnergies, aia ma US), hāʻawi i nā lawelawe a me nā waiwai i nā mea kūʻai aku ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.

Aia nā kikowaena lawelawe mea kūʻai aku o ka ʻoihana ma Austria, Belgium, Finland, Palani, Turkey, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Aia nā hale hana hana ma Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Finland, Palani, Kelemānia, Italia, Kōlea Hema, Suedena, Netherlands, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a aia nā kikowaena hana hou ma Austria, Finland, a me Suedena. Loaʻa i ka ʻoihana kahi hana ma 120 mau kalana ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, ʻAsia-Pākīpika, ʻAmelika Latina, Hikina Waena, a me ʻApelika.

BASF SE:ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea hana kemika alakaʻi ma ka honua. He paionia mākeke ka ʻoihana i ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka CO2 me kahi hoʻolālā hoʻokele kalapona piha. Loaʻa iā ia ka hana hou ikaika e hoʻohana ana i kahi ākea o ka ʻenehana e hāʻawi i nā hopena no nā ʻoihana like ʻole o nā mea kūʻai aku a e hoʻonui i ka huahana. Hoʻokele ka ʻoihana i kāna ʻoihana ma o ʻeono mau mahele: nā mea hana, nā hopena ʻoihana, nā kemika, nā ʻenehana ʻili, nā hopena mahiʻai, a me ka meaʻai a me ka mālama. Hāʻawi ia i nā resins polymer ma nā ʻāpana āpau e pili ana i ka ʻāpana ʻōpala a me ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea. Hoʻokele ka ʻoihana i kāna ʻoihana ma o 11 mau mahele e hoʻokele ana i 54 mau ʻāpana ʻoihana honua a me nā ʻāpana a hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā no 72 mau ʻoihana hoʻolālā. Hōʻailona ʻo BASF i kona alo ma 80 mau ʻāina a hana ma o ʻeono mau kahua Verbund, e hoʻopili ana i ka hana o nā mea kanu hana, nā kahe ikehu, a me nā ʻoihana ma nā wahi like ʻole. Loaʻa iā ia ma kahi o 240 mau ʻāpana hana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e like me Ludwigshafen, Kelemānia, ka hui kemika i hoʻohui nui ʻia o ka honua nona kahi hui hoʻokahi. Hana nui ʻo BASF ma ʻEulopa a he alo ikaika ma ʻAmelika, ʻAsia-Pākīpika, ka Hikina Waena a me ʻApelika. Lawelawe ia ma kahi o 82,000 mau mea kūʻai aku mai aneane nā ʻāpana āpau ma ka honua.

ʻO nā ʻoihana koʻikoʻi ma ka mākeke Polymer Resin e komo pū ana.

●ʻO Borealis AG
●BASF SE
●ʻO Evonik Industries AG
●LyondellBasell Industries NV
●Shell Plc
●Solvay
●Nā Polymers Roto
●ʻOihana Kemika Dow
●ʻOihana Plastics Nan Ya
●ʻOihana ʻOihana Kumu o ʻAlapia Saudi
●ʻOihana Celanese
●Pūʻulu INEOS
●ʻOihana Exxon Mobil

Nā Hoʻomohala ʻOihana Mākeke Resin Polymer

Mei 2023Ua hoʻokumu ʻo LyondellBasell lāua ʻo Veolia Belgium i kahi hui like (JV) no ka Quality Circular Polymers (QCP) e hana hou ana i ka plastic. E like me ka ʻaelike, e kūʻai ʻo LyondellBasell i ka 50% o Veolia Belgium ma QCP e lilo i mea nona hoʻokahi o ka hui. Kūlike ke kūʻai ʻana me ka hoʻolālā a LyondellBasell e kūkulu i kahi ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai holomua a me nā ʻoihana hoʻonā haʻahaʻa kalapona i mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka ulu ʻana o ke koi no nā waiwai a me nā lawelawe aloha kaiapuni.

Malaki 2023, ua komo ʻo LyondellBasell lāua ʻo Mepol Group i kahi hoʻoholo hope loa e kūʻai iā Mepol Group. Hōʻike kēia kūʻai ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana o LyondellBasell i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻokele waiwai pōʻai.

Nowemapa-2022Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Shell Chemical Appalachia LLC, he lālā o Shell plc, ua hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o Shell Polymers Monaca (SPM), kahi papahana Kemika o Pennsylvania. ʻO ka hale hana o Pennsylvania, nona ka pahuhopu o ka hana ʻana he 1.6 miliona tone i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ia ka hale hana polyethylene koʻikoʻi mua ma ka ʻĀkau Hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Mei 2024:Me ke kauoha ʻia ʻana o kāna hale hana mua ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka hana ʻana i nā hui plastik EC a me nā masterbatches, ua hoʻokumu kūhelu ʻo Premix Oy i kahi keʻena ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Manaʻo nā ʻelele o ka hui e ʻae ka hale hana hou i nā "mea kūʻai aku e hoʻohana i nā mea mai ʻelua mau ʻāina o kā mākou mea hana kiʻekiʻe. Ma ke ʻano he mea kūʻai aku Premix ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e pōmaikaʻi ʻoe mai nā huahana a me nā lawelawe i hana ʻia ma kahi kūloko, kahi e hōʻoia ai i nā manawa alakaʻi pōkole a me ka palekana lako kiʻekiʻe. Ma kahi ninaninau, ua ʻōlelo lākou e hoʻolimalima ʻia he 30-35 mau limahana i ka wā e manaʻo ʻia ai ka hale hana i nīnau ʻia e hana ma ka hopena o ka hapaha mua o 2025. Hoʻohana ʻia nā pā ʻāpana ESD i nā pahu huʻa pahu nui, nā pahu, a me nā pallets. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hui i nā pā ʻāpana ESD, i nā huʻa pahu nui, nā pahu, nā pahu a me nā pallets. I kēia lā, ʻo ka hana ma Finland he hiki ke hoʻohui i nā ʻano polymers kumu like ʻole e like me ABS, polycarbonate, nā hui ʻana o PC/ABS, nylon 6, PBT a me nā elastomers thermoplastic TPES a me nā thermoplastic polyurethanes TPUs.

ʻAukake 2024:Loaʻa i kēia manawa kahi resin polybutylene terephthalate hou i hoʻopiha ʻole ʻia, i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hopena mai Polymer Resources, kahi mea hoʻohuihui resins ʻenekinia US. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka resin TP-FR-IM3 no nā noi uila i nā kūlana aniau e like me waho, waho intermittent a me loko o nā pā/hale noho. Loaʻa iā ia ka hiki ke kū i ke aniau maikaʻi, ka ikaika hopena, ke kūpaʻa kemika a me ka pale ʻana i ka lapalapa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Tagheuer ua loaʻa iā ia ka palapala hōʻoia kala āpau ma lalo o UL743C F1. Hoʻokō pū ia i nā kūlana UL94 V0 a me UL94 5VA no ka pale ʻana i ka lapalapa i ka wā he 1.5 mm (.06 ʻīniha) a hāʻawi i nā ʻano hoʻonui like ʻole e like me ka ikaika hopena kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa uila kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika dielectric kiʻekiʻe a me ka pohō dielectric haʻahaʻa. He kūlike kēia papa hou me UL F1 no nā kala āpau no ka hoʻohana ʻana i waho a hiki ke kū i ka mauʻu kaumaha a me ka māla, nā kaʻa a me nā kemika hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka Mākeke Polymer ResinKa Nānā ʻAno Resin o ka Mākeke Polymer Resin

●Polystyrene
●Polyethylene
●Polyvinyl Chloride
●Polypropylene
●Polystyrene hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia
●ʻĒ aʻe

Nānā i ka noi ʻana o ka mākeke Polymer Resin

●Uila a me nā mea uila
● Kūkulu ʻana
●Lapaʻau
●Nā Kaʻa
●Mea kūʻai
●ʻOihana
●ʻŌpala
●ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe

Nānā ʻĀina no ka Mākeke Resin Polymer

●ʻAmelika ʻĀkau

ʻO US

ʻO Kanada

●ʻEulopa

Kelemania

Palani

UK

ʻItalia

Sepania

Koena o ʻEulopa

●ʻĀsia-Pākīpika

Kina

oIapana

ʻInia

ʻAukekulelia

Kōlea Hema

ʻAukekulelia

ʻO ke koena o ʻAsia-Pākīpika

●Hikina Waena a me ʻApelika

ʻAlapia Saudi

ʻO UAE

ʻApelika Hema

ʻO ke koena o ka Hikina Waena a me ʻApelika

●ʻAmelika Latina

oBrazil

ʻAlekina

ʻO ke koena o ʻAmelika Latina