Ke hoʻohiki nei nā papahana hou i ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea Lūkini, me ka papa Arctic, e hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana i ka mākeke kūloko no nā uhi anti-corrosive.
Ua lawe mai ka maʻi ahulau COVID-19 i kahi hopena nui, akā he hopena pōkole ma ka mākeke hydrocarbons honua. I ʻApelila o 2020, ua hōʻea ke koi aila honua i ka pae haʻahaʻa loa mai ka makahiki 1995, e huki ana i ke kumukūʻai pae no ka Brent crude i $28 no ka barela ma hope o ka piʻi wikiwiki loa o nā lako aila keu.
I kekahi manawa, ua lilo ke kumukūʻai aila o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i mea maikaʻi ʻole no ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻōki kēia mau hanana kupaianaha i ka hana a ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea o Rusia, ʻoiai ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻi koke mai ke koi honua no nā hydrocarbons.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ke manaʻo nei ka IEA e hoʻi hou ka noi o ka ʻaila i nā pae ma mua o ka pilikia i ka makahiki 2022. ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ke koi kinoea - ʻoiai ka emi ʻana o ka moʻolelo ma 2020 - e hoʻi hou i ka wā lōʻihi, i kekahi ʻano, ma muli o ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi honua ʻana o ka lanahu i ke kinoea no ka hana mana.
Hoʻopaʻa nā hui nui Lūkini ʻo Lukoil, Novatek lāua ʻo Rosneft, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻomaka i nā papahana hou ma ka ʻāpana o ka unuhi ʻaila a me ke kinoea ma ka ʻāina a ma ka papa Arctic. ʻIke ke aupuni Lūkini i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mau waihona Arctic ma o LNG ma ke ʻano he kumu o kāna Hoʻolālā Ikehu a hiki i ka makahiki 2035.
Ma kēia ʻano, ua wānana ʻia ke koi ʻana o Rusia no nā uhi anti-corrosive. ʻO ka huina o nā kūʻai aku ma kēia ʻāpana he Rub18.5 biliona i ka makahiki 2018 ($250 miliona), e like me ka noiʻi i hana ʻia e ka Discovery Research Group ma Moscow. Ua lawe ʻia mai nā uhi no Rub7.1 biliona ($90 miliona) i Rusia, ʻoiai ke emi nei ka lawe ʻana mai ma kēia ʻāpana, e like me ka ʻōlelo a nā mea loiloi.
Ua manaʻo kekahi keʻena kūkākūkā ʻē aʻe ma Moscow, ʻo Concept-Center, ua kūʻai ʻia aku ma ka mākeke ma waena o 25,000 a me 30,000 tone ma ke ʻano kino. No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2016, ua manaʻo ʻia ka mākeke no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā uhi anti-corrosive ma Rusia ma Rub 2.6 biliona ($42 miliona). Ua manaʻo ʻia e ulu mau ana ka mākeke i nā makahiki i hala me ka awelika o ʻelua a ʻekolu pakeneka i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ua hōʻike ka poʻe komo o ka mākeke i ko lākou hilinaʻi, e piʻi aʻe ana ke koi no nā uhi ʻana ma kēia ʻāpana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i pau ka hopena o ka maʻi ahulau COVID-19.
"Wahi a kā mākou mau wānana, e piʻi iki ana ke koi [i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana]. Pono ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea i nā ʻano uhi anti-corrosion, pale wela, pale ahi a me nā ʻano uhi ʻē aʻe e hoʻokō i nā papahana hou. I ka manawa like, ke neʻe nei ke koi i nā uhi polyfunctional hoʻokahi papa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻowahāwahā i nā hopena o ka maʻi ahulau coronavirus, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole i pau," wahi a Maxim Dubrovsky, ka luna hoʻomalu o ka mea hana uhi Lūkini ʻo Akrus. "Ma lalo o kahi wānana pessimistic, ʻaʻole paha e holo wikiwiki ke kūkulu ʻana [ma ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea] e like me ka mea i hoʻolālā mua ʻia."
Ke hana nei ke aupuni i nā hana e hoʻoulu ai i nā hoʻopukapuka kālā a hiki i ka wikiwiki i hoʻolālā ʻia no ke kūkulu ʻana.
Hoʻokūkū ʻole kumukūʻai
Aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 30 mau mea pāʻani ma ka mākeke uhi anti-corrosive Lūkini, e like me Industrial Coatings. ʻO nā mea pāʻani haole koʻikoʻi ʻo Hempel, Jotun, International Protective Coatings, Steelpaint, PPG Industries, Permatex, Teknos, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā mea hoʻolako nui loa o Lūkini ʻo Akrus, VMP, Russian Paints, Empils, Moscow Chemical Plant, ZM Volga lāua ʻo Raduga.
I loko o nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei, ua hoʻokomo kekahi mau ʻoihana ʻaʻole ʻo Rūsia, me Jotun, Hempel lāua ʻo PPG i ka hana ʻana i nā uhi anti-corrosive ma Rūsia. Aia kekahi kumu waiwai maopopo ma hope o ia hoʻoholo. ʻO ka manawa uku o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā uhi anti-corrosive hou ma ka mākeke Rūsia ma waena o ʻekolu a ʻelima mau makahiki, wahi a Azamat Gareev, ke poʻo o ZIT Rossilber.
Wahi a Industrial Coatings, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻāpana o ka mākeke uhi Lūkini he oligopsony - kahi ʻano mākeke kahi i liʻiliʻi ai ka nui o nā mea kūʻai. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, nui ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea kūʻai Lūkini kāna mau koi kūloko paʻa, pono nā mea hoʻolako e mālama. Hiki ke nui loa ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā koi o nā mea kūʻai aku.
ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka ʻoihana uhi uhi Lūkini, kahi ʻaʻole ke kumukūʻai i waena o nā kumu nui e hoʻoholo ai i ke koi.
No ka laʻana, ua ʻae ʻo Rosneft i 224 mau ʻano o nā uhi anti-corrosive, e like me ka papa inoa Lūkini o nā mea hoʻolako uhi ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua ʻae ʻo Gazprom i 55 mau uhi a ʻo Transneft wale nō 34.
Ma kekahi mau ʻāpana, kiʻekiʻe loa ka mahele o nā mea i lawe ʻia mai. No ka laʻana, lawe mai nā ʻoihana Lūkini i kahi kokoke i 80 pakeneka o nā uhi no nā papahana ma waho.
He ikaika loa ka hoʻokūkū ma ka mākeke Lūkini no nā uhi anti-corrosive, wahi a Dmitry Smirnov, ka luna hoʻokele nui o ka Moscow Chemical Plant. Hoʻoikaika kēia i ka ʻoihana e hoʻomau i ke koi a hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻana o nā laina uhi hou i kēlā me kēia mau makahiki ʻelua. Ke holo nei hoʻi ka ʻoihana i nā kikowaena lawelawe, e kaohi ana i ka noi uhi, wahi āna.
"Loaʻa i nā ʻoihana uhi lole Lūkini nā mana kūpono e hoʻonui i ka hana ʻana, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka lawe ʻia mai. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā uhi lole no nā ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea, me nā mea no nā papahana ma waho, ua hana ʻia ma nā hale hana Lūkini. I kēia mau lā, no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kūlana waiwai, no nā ʻāina āpau, he mea nui e hoʻonui i ka hana o nā waiwai o kā lākou hana ponoʻī," wahi a Dubrobsky.
ʻO ka nele o nā mea maka no ka hana ʻana i nā uhi anti-corrosive i helu ʻia ma waena o nā kumu e pale ai i nā ʻoihana Lūkini mai ka hoʻonui ʻana i kā lākou mahele ma ka mākeke, ua hōʻike ka Industrial Coatings, e kuhikuhi ana i nā loiloi mākeke kūloko. No ka laʻana, aia ka nele o nā aliphatic isocyanates, epoxy resins, zinc dust a me kekahi mau pigments.
"Ua hilinaʻi nui ka ʻoihana kemika i nā mea maka i lawe ʻia mai a he mea koʻikoʻi ia i kā lākou kumukūʻai. Mahalo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā huahana hou ma Rusia a me ka hoʻololi ʻana mai waho mai, aia nā ʻano maikaʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea maka no ka ʻoihana uhi," wahi a Dubrobsky.
"Pono e hoʻonui hou i nā mana e hoʻokūkū ai, no ka laʻana, me nā mea hoʻolako ʻĀsia. Hiki ke kauoha ʻia nā mea hoʻopihapiha, nā pigments, nā resins, ʻoiai ʻo alkyd a me ka epoxy, mai nā mea hana Lūkini. ʻO ka mākeke no nā mea hoʻopaʻakikī isocyanate a me nā mea hoʻohui hana e hāʻawi nui ʻia e nā mea lawe mai. Pono e kūkākūkā ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻomohala i kā mākou hana ʻana o kēia mau ʻāpana ma ka pae mokuʻāina."
Nā uhi no nā papahana ma waho o ke kai i ka nānā ʻana
ʻO ka papahana mua ma waho o Rusia, ʻo ia ka paepae hana ʻaila kūpaʻa hau ʻo Prirazlomnaya ma waho o ke Kai Pechora, ma ka hema o Novaya Zemlya. Ua koho ʻo Gazprom iā Chartek 7 mai International Paint Ltd. Ua hōʻike ʻia ua kūʻai ka hui i 350,000 kg o nā uhi no ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion o ke kahua.
ʻO kekahi hui ʻaila Lūkini ʻo Lukoil e hoʻokele nei i ka paepae Korchagin mai ka makahiki 2010 a me ka paepae Philanovskoe mai ka makahiki 2018, ʻelua ma ke Kai Caspian.
Ua hāʻawi ʻo Jotun i nā uhi anti-corrosion no ka papahana mua a ʻo Hempel no ka lua. Ma kēia ʻāpana, ua koʻikoʻi loa nā koi no nā uhi ʻana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia kahi loio uhi ma lalo o ka wai.
Ua pili ke koi no nā uhi anti-corrosive no ka ʻāpana kahakai i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea honua. Loaʻa iā Rusia ma kahi o 80 pakeneka o nā kumuwaiwai aila a me ke kinoea i hūnā ʻia ma lalo o ka papa Arctic a me ka hapa nui o nā waihona i ʻimi ʻia.
No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa wale nō ka mea nona he 10 pakeneka o nā kumuwaiwai papa, a ukali ʻia e Kanada, Denemaka, Greenland a me Norewai, nāna e puʻunaue i ke koena 10 pakeneka ma waena o lākou. ʻO ka nui o nā waihona aila i ʻimi ʻia ma waho o Rusia i manaʻo ʻia he ʻelima piliona tone o nā mea like o ka aila. ʻO Norewai ka lua mamao me hoʻokahi piliona tone o nā waihona i hōʻoia ʻia.
"Akā no kekahi mau kumu - ʻo ka hoʻokele waiwai a me ke kaiapuni - ʻaʻole paha e hoʻihoʻi ʻia kēlā mau kumuwaiwai," wahi a Anna Kireeva, ka mea loiloi o ka hui palekana kaiapuni ʻo Bellona. "Wahi a nā kuhi he nui, hiki i ka noi honua no ka ʻaila ke piʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ʻehā mau makahiki mai kēia manawa, i ka makahiki 2023. ʻO nā waihona kālā hoʻopukapuka aupuni nui i kūkulu ʻia ma luna o ka ʻaila ke huki nei hoʻi mai nā hoʻopukapuka kālā ma ka ʻāpana ʻaila - kahi neʻe e hiki ai ke hoʻoulu i ka neʻe ʻana o ke kapikala honua mai nā wahie fossil i ka wā e ninini ai nā aupuni a me nā mea hoʻopukapuka ʻoihana i nā kālā i ka ikehu hou."
I ka manawa like, manaʻo ʻia e ulu ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kinoea kūlohelohe i nā makahiki he 20 a 30 e hiki mai ana - a ʻo ke kinoea kekahi hapa nui o nā waiwai o Rusia ʻaʻole wale ma ka papa Arctic akā ma ka ʻāina hoʻi. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Pelekikena Vladimir Putin e manaʻo ana ʻo ia e hoʻolilo iā Rusia i mea hoʻolako kinoea kūlohelohe nui loa o ka honua - he manaʻolana i manaʻo ʻole ʻia ma muli o ka hoʻokūkū o Moscow mai ka Hikina Waena, wahi a Kireeva.
Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻōlelo nā ʻoihana aila Lūkini e lilo paha ka papahana papa i ka wā e hiki mai ana no ka ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea Lūkini.
ʻO kekahi o nā wahi hoʻolālā nui a Rosneft ʻo ia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai hydrocarbon ma ka papa ʻāina, wahi a ka hui.
I kēia lā, i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai a hoʻomohala ʻia ai nā kahua ʻaila a me ke kinoea nui ma uka, a i ka wā e ulu wikiwiki ana nā ʻenehana a me ka hana ʻaila shale, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e kau ana ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka hana ʻaila honua ma ka papa ʻāina o ka Moana Honua he mea hiki ʻole ke hōʻole ʻia, wahi a Rosneft ma kahi ʻōlelo ma kāna pūnaewele. ʻO ka papa ʻāina Lūkini ka wahi nui loa ma ka honua: ʻOi aku ma mua o ʻeono miliona km a ʻo Rosneft ka mea paʻa laikini nui loa no ka papa ʻāina o Rusia, wahi a ka hui.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻApelila-17-2024
